To make a turn, select the correct speed (for gravel this is about 15 km/h), release the gas, turn the steering wheel no more than half a turn and sharply tighten the handbrake - keep the button on the lever pressed! As the car turns, we align the front wheels (they should “look” where we are going), lower the lever a little in advance (the car will turn by inertia) and smoothly press the gas to continue moving in a straight line.
How to make a large paper cone for a Christmas tree with photo
If you decide to make an interior Christmas tree that you plan to put on the floor to decorate the room, then you will have to work a little more on creating the frame than for the tabletop version. The most important thing for such a cone is strength, so in addition to the cardboard wall, it is worth considering frame elements. This could be a wire or a rod made of another material (a wooden stick, for example). It will go through the center of the cone, acting as an axis. It's good if you secure it firmly at the base.
It is also easy to make additional stiffeners in the form of circles from cardboard of the appropriate diameter, which will be glued along the entire height of the cone at an equal distance.
If you are going to make a cone for a large Christmas tree, it may be difficult to draw a circle of the appropriate diameter, which cannot be made with a regular office tool. In this case, you can choose one of the following methods:
System calculation: home drainage planning ↑
At the planning stage, markings are made - they mark the installation locations of horizontal (gutters) and vertical (gutters) lines. After determining the footage, calculate the number of additional parts that are needed to assemble the system: fasteners, plugs, connectors, funnels and adapters.
Meterage of gutters and number of funnels: how to calculate correctly ↑
The number of horizontal lines depends on the roof structure and the length of the slopes. The simplest system of two gutters and two drainpipes is the best option for a gable roof with a total area of up to 100 square meters. m and the length of the slope not exceeding 10 m.
Scheme for calculating the number of drain lines
In this case, there is no need to double tilt from the center. And you can make a gutter for a drain from both ready-made and homemade parts. The length of the horizontal tray is equal to the length of the slope. Diameter - 10 - 12 cm. The slope of the drain is up to 2 - 3 mm per linear meter. Factory parts are produced in standard length - 3 m.
Installation parts
The number of funnels designed to drain water from the tray into the drainpipe is equal to the number of horizontal lines. If the length of the straight section is more than 10 - 12 meters, then 2 funnels and 2 drainpipes are installed along the edges.
Basic parameters for installing gutters
If the total number of funnels in the planned scheme is two, then calculating the length of the drainpipes is easy. The height of the building from the bottom edge of the roof to the ground level is multiplied by 2.
When planning more complex structures, calculations are performed for straight lines, drains and planning installation in difficult areas (on protrusions, in corners) with the selection of special products - corner connectors.
Additional parts: mounting hooks and connectors ↑
To make a gutter for a drain, you will additionally need:
- 2 caps for each horizontal line.
- Connectors - every 3 m if finished parts are connected.
- Brackets – for 10 m – 20 pcs. The distance between the hooks should be within 50 - 60 cm.
Gutter details
Hooks are selected depending on the type of fastening. If a strong gable board is installed under the roof slope, not covered with clapboard, it is more convenient to install the box on short brackets.
Hooks with extension
When fixing to the rafter sheathing, choose ready-made adjustable or non-adjustable hooks with an extension. Such fastenings can be made independently from strips of thick steel 3–4 cm wide.
To connect the funnel to the pipe, you will need 2 elbows of 40° to lead the drain to the pipe installation line. To attach the pipe to the walls, use special holders or clamps. The pipes are connected with couplings.
Method using tape
Do you like seeds? Previously, grannies constantly sold seeds in glasses, and they had containers prepared for them - paper bags. These are potential funnels. And even in those days, when cellophane had not yet come into widespread use, in stores, sellers made paper bags in which they packed everything, from sugar and cereals to sweets and cookies. How to make a funnel of this type from paper?
Place a sheet of paper in front of you with the long side facing you. We position it so that its edge coincides with the edge of the tabletop. We glue a piece of tape to the right side of the long side of the sheet facing us so that half of the piece sticks out over the edge. We take hold of the protruding edge of the tape with our thumb and forefinger and begin to wrap the sheet around our hand. When we have a cone, we glue a piece of tape to its inside, which is held between our fingers. To do this most effectively, we press this part of the cone to the table.
All. All that remains is to glue the other end of the paper, which tends to unfold, to the outside of the bag. The cone is ready. We tear off its sharp tip - and the funnel is ready. It may be disposable, but you don’t need to hold it so that it doesn’t turn around.
Making a funnel from tin with your own hands
Sometimes you have to pour various liquids from container to container. If the neck is narrow, then this is not very convenient. To simplify this process, there is a funnel. A funnel can easily be made from a bottle by placing a small piece of hose on its neck, but the dimensions are large. I thought about it and decided to make a couple of small funnels out of tin with my own hands.
Little tricks
- Small half-liter bottles are easier to manipulate, and larger ones produce more spectacular swirls.
- The water can be colored a little. And even add glitter to it!
- If you want your child to also get practical benefits from your activities, tell him how to behave on a river or in the sea if he gets caught in a whirlpool. The strength of the whirlpool weakens at depth, so swimmers who feel like they are being pulled into a funnel are advised not to waste energy fighting the current, but to allow it to pull them in. Having dived into the funnel, you need to make several strong strokes underwater and then, most likely, you will be able to emerge far from the danger zone. But the best thing, of course, is never to get into such a situation!
What is a funnel and why is it needed?
A funnel is a device for pouring liquids or pouring bulk products through a narrow receiving opening. Various substances are also filtered and dosed. The design has the appearance of a hollow cone, which is narrowed downwards into a tube.
The device has been known since ancient times. They were made from wood, birch bark, and clay. During the Middle Ages, materials changed: glass, porcelain and metal became popular. Modern household funnels are most often made from plastic, propylene and tin.
Oil cans with long spout
For convenient transportation of fuel and special liquids, canisters with a long flexible spout are provided. This canister is convenient to use: the risk of spilling liquid is minimized. In addition, if the container is used for storing and handling liquid oils, it is possible to use special dispensing caps for the convenience of lubrication work. The covers are available in different colors, which allows you to comply with the conditions of any accepted coding system in production.
However, such canisters are expensive and often leak, leaving stains on the car interior.
Description of the experience
The water funnel is an amazing sight, reminiscent of a tornado - with a long flexible “proboscis”, writhing and swaying like a living creature.
“To get a spectacular whirlpool in miniature, the water needs a little help - spin, stir the water, give the flow additional centrifugal force.
This is not difficult to do if you build something like an hourglass from available materials.
You will need
- Two identical plastic bottles
- Glue that securely holds plastic together
- Scotch
- And water, of course!
So, first you need to drill fairly wide holes in the bottle caps. Then the covers are glued to one another with the outer sides. For reliability, they can be additionally wrapped with tape on the outside.
Now we pour water into one of the bottles, screw a structure of two caps on top and screw the empty bottle into it.
Cone according to template
If you need this geometric figure for a future craft, but none of the above options describing how to make the desired paper cone suits you, there is a way out.
What is needed for production:
- thick paper;
- PVA or tape;
- scissors;
- pencil;
- sample.
Let's get started with the work:
- download the template that we have prepared and print it;
- you can cut out a blank according to the template or just immediately use the material for the cone and print the template on it;
- We roll up the material and fasten the edges in a way convenient for you (with tape or PVA glue).
During the binding process, be sure to keep the bottom edges straight. To do this, place the not yet assembled material on the table and then bend it. After gluing. Check if the figure is level. It shouldn't wobble.
The first simple product
First, let's make the simplest roofing element - a ridge. So that it subsequently lies evenly and tightly on the roof, first determine the angle of rotation by placing a long thin strip on one of the slopes.
The width of the ridge shelves is from 15 to 30 cm; accordingly, you will need a strip twice as wide with an allowance of 10 mm on each side. This edge can have 2-3mm of unevenness, so an even cut is not necessary. Apply a marking of three longitudinal lines: the center of the ridge and both its edges. Place the strip centered on the edge of the table and press it with a block under two clamps along the marking line.
You need to place a flat board underneath the protruding edge of the sheet and bend the shelf upward, observing the marked rotation angle of ±10º. Now the workpiece needs to be released and moved back so that the edge marking line falls exactly on the edge of the block. We clamp the workpiece again and tighten the clamps well, and then we go along the edge with a mallet, turning it perpendicularly upward.
Edge processing is necessary to stiffen the ridge profile. To make them, you can also use a rule rail pressed through a block: the wedge-shaped end of the bar will allow you to bend the edge more than 90º. After preliminary bending of both edges, they need to be laid on a wooden sleeper and beaten with a mallet, flattening the bend. In many sheet benders, this operation is performed with one pass of the roller bender carriage.
When finishing the edge by hand, go from one edge to the other sequentially, and then smooth out any visual unevenness with your hands. Already at this stage, you can think about partial mechanization and creating a primitive machine. For example, if the bending bar is made of metal or hard wood and secured to two-axis hinges, the processing will be much faster and more precise.
Inclined cone development
Let us consider the procedure for constructing a scan of the lateral surface of an inclined cone using the approximation (approximation) method.
- We inscribe the hexagon 123456 into the circle of the base of the cone. We connect points 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 with the vertex S. The pyramid S123456, constructed in this way, with a certain degree of approximation is a replacement for the conical surface and is used as such in further constructions.
- We determine the natural values of the edges of the pyramid using the method of rotation around the projecting straight line: in the example, the i axis is used, perpendicular to the horizontal projection plane and passing through the vertex S. Thus, as a result of rotation of the edge S5, its new horizontal projection S'5'1 takes a position at which it is parallel to the frontal plane π2. Accordingly, S''5''1 is the natural value of S5.
- We construct a development of the lateral surface of the pyramid S123456, consisting of six triangles: S16, S65, S54, S43, S32, S21. The construction of each triangle is carried out on three sides. For example, △S16 has length S1=S''1'', S6=S''6''1, 16=1'6'.
The degree to which the approximate development corresponds to the actual one depends on the number of faces of the inscribed pyramid. The number of faces is chosen based on the ease of reading the drawing, the requirements for its accuracy, the presence of characteristic points and lines that need to be transferred to the development.
Transferring a line from the surface of a cone to a development
Line n lying on the surface of the cone is formed as a result of its intersection with a certain plane (figure below). Let's consider the algorithm for constructing line n on a scan.
- We find the projections of points A, B and C at which line n intersects the edges of the pyramid S123456 inscribed in the cone.
- We determine the natural size of the segments SA, SB, SC by rotating around the projecting straight line. In the example under consideration, SA=S''A'', SB=S''B''1, SC=S''C''1.
- We find the position of points A, B, C on the corresponding edges of the pyramid, plotting on the scan the segments SA=S''A'', SB=S''B''1, SC=S''C''1.
- We connect points A, B, C with a smooth line.
How to make a funnel at home: simple and made from improvised means
There are often cases on the farm when a funnel is needed. At home, the scope of application of the device is varied: filtering and dosing liquid and bulk substances, pouring oil into the engine and much more. Yes, the market currently offers an assortment of types of such goods, but if circumstances require urgency, then you can make a funnel with your own hands. This does not require a lot of time and effort, and the result will allow you to cope with the task quickly and efficiently.
Homemade funnel.
How to bend metal correctly
Roofing elements, as a rule, are hidden from the eyes of passers-by and no decorative claims are made against them. This makes it possible to manually produce parts using templates, but you have to constantly straighten the product with a mallet.
This is not the best approach: the fold lines and the entire product as a whole turn out wavy, and work on one part can take a long time. For piece products this is quite tolerable, but if you have to surround the entire house with drainage, you should get the necessary equipment and devices at your disposal.
Today, sheet bending machines occupy their own segment in the professional tool market and are available everywhere. Their price is quite high, but only with our own, proven equipment can we produce parts of excellent quality. Renting a sheet bending machine is also an option, but a machine that passes from hand to hand will not have the necessary accuracy and reliability.
Homemade funnel
Situations often arise when there is no time or opportunity to go to the store to buy a funnel. Then you can make the device yourself.
From tin
A homemade funnel made of tin can be of any size and used for various purposes: both for pouring dry substances and for pouring liquids. It is airtight, lightweight and does not require complex care after use.
DIY tin funnel.
To work you will need:
- paper, pencil and ruler for drawing;
- tin;
- stationery scissors and for cutting metal;
- soldering machine and tools necessary for soldering.
The first stage of production is the drawing. Then the pattern is transferred to a sheet of tin and the parts are cut out. Having cut out the sidewalls, it is necessary to clean the soldering areas and bend the edges according to the drawing. The parts are carefully soldered. Ready! For ease of use, you can attach a handle for holding and a hook for further storage.
From the bottle
To make a funnel from a plastic bottle, you will need the following tools:
- straight bottle;
- tape or tape;
- scissors.
Funnel made from a plastic bottle.
Manufacturing does not require special equipment or skills.
Progress:
- Preparing the bottle. For the funnel, you need to cut the bottle according to the desired volume.
- An even strip is cut from the remaining segment for the future “nose”.
- Roll the strip into a tube and place it in the neck of the bottle.
- Carefully secure the tube with tape or tape and check the tightness of the structure.
Paper cone: step-by-step instructions
First of all, you need to choose good working material - it depends on the purpose for which you need such a craft. In any case, it must be able to bend and hold a given shape without being damaged. If you take regular soft paper, it should not tear, and the cardboard should not be too hard, otherwise it will be difficult to deform. To check the quality of the material, try twisting the sheet into a tube: if this does not cause you any difficulties and does not lead to rupture, you can work.
In order to make a cone out of cardboard or paper with your own hands, in addition to the main material you will need:
- ruler (length depends on the length of the product);
- pencil;
- compass;
- stationery knife or scissors;
- glue.
The principle of operation is very simple, the only thing where difficulties sometimes arise is preparing the template. Creating a cardboard pyramid takes no more than a quarter of an hour, excluding the time for drying the glue. If you are in a hurry, you can fix the shape with tape (for options when the cone is the base that is not visible) or with a stapler (for small crafts).
Since the issue of using a cardboard cone as a headdress (relevant for children's costumes) was raised, it is necessary to remember how to make the necessary calculations. Of course, if you have the required height of the product, which cannot be changed, you will simply have to set aside the length of the head circumference along an arc and cut out the resulting part. However, if you just need to prepare a sharp cone (when the angle of the template is 60 degrees), you will need to make calculations. The formula from the school curriculum is that the length of the arc of a circle with an angle of 60 degrees is equal to the product of the radius by 3.14, which is divided by 3. For an angle of 45 degrees, you need to divide the product by 4.
