Phenazepam as a narcotic - effect on the body

1. General information
2. Historical facts
3. Effect on the body
4. How to recognize a drug addict
5. Tests for Phenazepam
6. How long does it stay in the body?
7. How long do drug addicts live?
8. Analogs
9. How to speed up elimination at home
10. Detoxification in hospital
11. Perdose
    How to recognize and what to do
12. Rehabilitation
13. Coding
14. Why you can’t undergo rehabilitation at home or on an outpatient basis
15. Resocialization and work with codependents
16. How to quit on your own

Attention! Drug use causes irreparable harm to health and poses a danger to life!

General information

The drug phenazepam is a typical tranquilizer. It is used to normalize sleep, combat anxiety, and relieve convulsive syndrome in epilepsy. Fenozepam is available in injection form or in tablets. All central effects of the drug are achieved through stimulation of benzodiazepine receptors.

The effect of the drug extends to the reticular formation, nonspecific centers of the thalamus and the amygdala complex. The muscle relaxant effect is based on the ability to block spinal reflexes. The tranquilizer is well absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, after which it is metabolized in the liver and excreted by the kidneys.

Phenazepam is available without a prescription. Doctors sometimes prescribe it to improve sleep, relieve anxiety during performances or in extreme situations. The first aid kit always contains Phenazepam in injection form to relieve seizures in epilepsy or damage to the central nervous system.

All drugs from the benzoidazepine group cause sleep lasting up to 6-8 hours. But the longer the sleep, the stronger the drowsiness, fatigue and depression will be during the next day after taking the drug.

Taken from: Pharmacology, tenth edition by D.A. Kharkevich

The drug is not considered a drug, but addiction can develop from it. In addition, with each subsequent dose, to achieve the desired effect, it is necessary to increase the dose. If you increase the dosage without consulting a doctor, this will lead to acute drug poisoning with possible death.

How does it all work (gas station with high pressure pump)?

Now let’s take a closer look at the principle on which the system works and what its features are. Unfortunately, for Russia it still looks fantastic.

Everything is easy here. Every car enthusiast has access to a high pressure pump (HP). Simply connect the device to your home gas pipeline and refuel your car.

As for any requirements, you should be guided by the current safety rules regarding gas supply systems. It is also worth noting that the device is connected to electricity, so grounding is required.

The further principle of operation is elementary. The driver connects the high-pressure tube to the gas charging fitting and waits for 5-6 hours (at a pressure of three “cubes” per hour).

If the compressor capacity is 9-10 “cubes” of gas per hour, then full charging is achieved in 1-1.5 hours. In this case, it is not necessary to stand near the car while refueling is taking place. The system is completely safe.

Historical facts

The drug was invented in the 1970s. The developers who received the state order for the new medicine were the scientific directors of the departments of pharmacology from the Odessa Institute of Physics and Chemistry. After successful research and launch of the drug on the market, the group of voters received the USSR State Prize.

The peak use of the drug came at the end of the 80s, when facts of abuse of barbiturates were published and proven. Phenazepam and its analogues have become alternative drugs with similar effects but fewer adverse reactions.

About sleeping together, very interesting

James McKennaPhD Anthropology (from La Leche League website) There are many options for co-sleeping, i.e. situations where the child sleeps in close physical and emotional contact with his parents, often at arm's length.

CO-SLEEPING WITH YOUR BABY James McKennaPhD in Anthropology (from the La Leche League website) There are many options for co-sleeping, i.e. situations where the child sleeps in close physical and emotional contact with his parents, often at arm's length. Co-sleeping with a child

Effect on the body

After the drug binds to benzodiazepine receptors and the reticular formation, the patient becomes calm and anxiety is eliminated. Then drowsiness appears, smoothly turning into sleep. In addition, the effect of the drug on limbic structures, reflex connections and the thalamus leads to the fact that the drug has the following effects:

• reduces feelings of fear;
• relieves irritability;
• increases emotional lability;
• reduces the manifestation of phobias;
• relieves alcohol and drug withdrawal syndrome;
• relieves muscle spasms;
• prevents nervous tics.

But you should be careful when using Phenazepam. It has a pronounced toxic effect on the liver and heart. If this tranquilizer is abused, the following disorders may occur:

• increased drowsiness, feeling tired;
• nausea and vomiting;
• dizziness;
• fast fatiguability;
• hematopoietic disorders (leukopenia, thrombopenia);
• urinary retention or incontinence;
• epileptic seizures;
• visual impairment;
• depression;
• constipation or diarrhea;
• increased activity of liver enzymes, jaundice;
• dysmenorrhea;
• hallucinations.

To achieve a narcotic effect, Phenazepam is not used in isolation. More often it is combined with other drugs to enhance the result. When the pharmaceutical dose is increased by 2-4 times, the patient's condition becomes the same as with alcohol intoxication or an overdose of barbiturates. But the negative effects and disruption of internal organs are tens of times stronger.

At the moment, benzodiazepanes are the most adequate means to combat insomnia, which is caused by emotional tension, stress, anxiety and worry.

Taken from: Pharmacology, tenth edition by D.A. Kharkevich

Which boiler is better to choose when heating with propane cylinders?

Experience in using boilers from gas cylinders has shown that not all equipment operates equally successfully on LPG after conversion. Increasing efficiency during operation is quite problematic. Therefore, it is necessary to choose the right heating equipment.

Number of circuits - you should choose a single-circuit boiler exclusively for heating rooms, and a double-circuit boiler for heating water. Purpose - the best option is equipment whose operating instructions contain permission to connect the boiler to the cylinder. Re-equipment of conventional water heating units, as a rule, leads to excessive fuel consumption and is not economically profitable. Boiler manufacturers offer all the necessary fittings for connecting cylinders; they are included in the kit or purchased separately.

A condensing boiler is the best option for constantly heating a house using LPG. For temporary heating, with a view to further switching to main gas, other types of boilers can be used, provided that they can operate at reduced gas pressure.

How to recognize a drug addict

As with any addiction, a drug addict can be in two states: the effects of the drug and the state of withdrawal. In the first case, the patient will be sleepy, lethargic, and answer questions slowly. A person can sleep for a long time. Drug addicts under the influence of Phenazepam react inadequately to external stimuli, they have an increased pain threshold, impaired breathing and a slow heartbeat.

The picture resembles intoxication with alcohol, but there is no smell or bottles of alcohol. But near such a drug addict you can find various packages of medicines and empty packages of pills.

In the case of withdrawal, the opposite is true. The peculiarity of taking tranquilizers is that they cannot be abruptly stopped. If a drug addict runs out of a new dose of medication, he will suffer from insomnia and his general condition will be anxious. Nervous tics will appear, the addict will move into the aggressive phase. When searching for a dose, such a person can deceive those closest to him, sometimes even hit them.

It is difficult to reliably recognize that a person is dependent on tranquilizers. Therefore, the best way to determine drug addiction is testing. Only in this way can you either confirm or eliminate your suspicions.

Liquefied gas consumption

A house with an area of ​​about 100 m2 can be heated with liquefied gas using a 10 kW boiler. To obtain 1 kW of heat energy, the consumption of 100-120 g/min of liquefied gas will be required at 100% boiler load. If the duration of the cold season is approximately 7 months, then the approximate estimated consumption for the entire season will be about 5 tons

.

But in fact, the consumption will be almost half as much - the automation switches the heater to an economical mode when the room temperature is sufficient or in accordance with the timer readings.

When comparing the costs of heating a cottage or house from a main gas pipeline, heating with gas cylinders will be about 5-6 times more expensive. But in the end it will still be cheaper than heating with electricity.

If you look at the cost of gas in liquid state, then heating a country house from cylinders can be considered not the worst replacement for liquid fuel and electric systems. Moreover, if the region has problems with solid fuel or its cost is too high.

Gas cylinders with a volume of 50 liters

Heating with liquefied gas is the best solution if gasification of a populated area is planned in the near future, since then there will be no need to purchase a boiler again. In addition, you will gain personal experience in handling a gas boiler.

Tests for Phenazepam

You can check for the presence of benzodiazepines in the body using a conventional rapid test. The cost of these tests is from 40 to 100 rubles. Urine is tested at home; blood testing is carried out only in laboratories.

Please note that the effect of phenazepam is similar to other narcotic substances, therefore, in parallel with the test for benzodiazepines, a rapid test is carried out using a tablet for 10 drugs. This allows you to quickly check traces of narcotic substances and, if necessary, request laboratory confirmation.

Laboratory confirmation must be done if a person committed an offense under the influence of a drug. The results of rapid tests have no legal force.

To study biomaterials of a drug addict, methods of enzyme immunoassay, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry or gas-liquid spectrometry are used. These methods are written down in the relevant decrees, and can be used in court as a confirmed diagnostic method.

Phenazepam is quickly eliminated from the body through the kidneys, so it is important to know how much time has passed since the last use of the drug.

Please note that there is no specific test for Phenazepam. There is a test for benzodiazepines. If the patient took any drug from the benzodiazepine group (including Phenazepam), the result will be positive.

Help on Tele2, tariffs, questions

Gadgets are universal devices that allow you to perform various actions in battle.

Distractions (such as noise generator)

Intelligence (for example, a sticky camera)

Temporary incapacitation (e.g. sleeping gas)

Assault (eg frag grenade)

In combat conditions, you can select a gadget on the selector, to call it, hold

The special suit can be specially configured to carry more gadgets.

Noise Velcro

If you need a sentry to leave his post, throw this tiny speaker towards a wall or any other surface.

Use the noise sticky to distract guards and sneak past them, or to lure an enemy into a trap.

Velcro camera

Throw this remote surveillance camera towards a wall or any other surface and you'll get second eyes. With its help, you can see what is happening behind you, or examine the area from a vantage point. Press [Z] first to attract nearby guards with sound, and then to release sleeping gas and neutralize opponents. Once upgraded, the camera will also be able to self-destruct, stunning or killing nearby enemies.

Amy - Velcro

By sticking to walls, EMP Velcro generates a small electromagnetic pulse that disables nearby lighting and security systems. Use this gadget to create dark areas where you can hide from the enemy. You can also use it to follow laser beams to turn off the power.

For enemies, the impulse is harmless, but if they notice that the light has turned off, they will definitely want to find out what’s wrong.

Tricopter

A remote-controlled flying drone (aka "drone") that shoots sticky electric darts.

If the drone flies too close to the enemy, it can be heard!

• Use the tricopter to scan the area and mark enemies or lure them out with [Z].
• Upgrade your tricopter to include a self-destruct feature that can help you pinpoint your opponent using sound pulses. Not available on Veteran difficulty or around . cannot jam the main video frequency of the tricopter.

Smoke bomb

A smoke bomb releases a cloud of dense smoke in which you can hide from the enemy. Using smoke bombs, you can hide and avoid combat, or confuse your enemies by moving without them noticing. To see through smoke, turn on your thermal vision glasses or . Opponents' glasses also allow them to see through smoke.

Tear gas

When used with a tear gas grenade, a chemical irritant is sprayed into the air, temporarily incapacitating opponents. Tear and gases have no effect on enemies wearing gas masks. Use the "tag and eliminate" technique to knock the gas masks off such opponents.

Sleeping gas

Throws out a cloud of gas that causes opponents to lose consciousness. Use grenades with sleeping gas to silently and non-lethally neutralize several opponents at once. Sleeping gases have no effect on opponents wearing gas masks.

Flashbang grenade

The explosion of this grenade is accompanied by a blinding flash and shock wave, which temporarily stuns and disorients the enemy. Use it to cover your retreat in case you are spotted, or to temporarily confuse your enemy and gain a couple of valuable seconds - during which time you will have time to get closer and finish him off. Unlike gas grenades, explosive grenades, such as flash-noise grenades, emit a very loud sound when they explode, which the enemy hears from afar.

How long does it stay in the body?

The rate of elimination from the body depends on the ability of the liver to process the components of the drug. On average, tranquilizers are eliminated in 3-5 days. But the exact period depends on both the period of use and the age of the addict.

It is necessary to consider whether it was taken together with other drugs or alcohol. All this slows down the functioning of internal organs and leads to a slower elimination of the drug from the body.

Phenazepam is excreted through the kidneys, so the best method is to test your urine. Metabolites of the drug can be found in urine within 3-4 days. In the blood - 12-18 hours. There are no other data on hair or saliva testing for Phenazepam.

Get help now

Do any of your relatives or friends have an addiction? Have you tried in every possible way to help, but as a result the person still returned to his past life?

You are not the first to encounter this problem, and we can help you.

We guarantee anonymity, we will persuade you to undergo treatment, and we will help you choose a center.

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When will everything pay off?

To understand whether it is worth spending money on re-equipping a car, we will carry out a series of simple calculations. To calculate, we take five Gazelle cars, provided that each car travels 250 kilometers per day.

The price of a filling station (with a pressure of 10 “cubes” per hour) is about $3,000. This amount needs to be divided by the number of cars and the cost per car is $600.

It is also worth adding the cost of HBO - 400-500 dollars. Total - 1000 US dollars per car.

A gazelle consumes an average of 18 liters per hundred. As for blue fuel, the consumption here is almost the same.

One “cube” of methane in Russia costs 15 rubles, or about 23 cents. It turns out that per 100 km of travel the costs are $4.14.

If you travel on gasoline, the costs are twice as high. One liter costs about 34 rubles - 50 cents. Accordingly, 100 km will require 9 dollars.

For every hundred kilometers, the savings amount to almost five dollars.

To pay for the equipment, the machine must travel 20 thousand kilometers.

If we consider that a total of five cars travel 1,250 kilometers, then the costs will be recouped quickly - in 80 working days. The greater the daily mileage, the faster the payback occurs.

The issue of installing a gas unit is especially acute if the car’s consumption is 25-30 liters per “hundred”. In such a situation, the cost of equipment will pay off within 50-60 days.

How long do drug addicts live?

Life expectancy with tranquilizer abuse reaches 3-4 years. But the higher the dose and the more often it is taken, the fewer years the addict has to live. In pharmaceutical doses, the drug does not affect internal organs and the nervous system. If you systematically exceed the permissible limit, irreversible changes will occur in the cerebral cortex. Liver cirrhosis with chronic liver failure may develop.

Phenazepam damages the kidneys, causing chronic kidney disease (CKD or kidney failure). When decompensation occurs in the functioning of the kidneys and liver, a person dies, even if assistance is started.

How does liquefied gas differ from natural gas?

LPG – liquefied hydrocarbon gases, used in boilers, water heaters and internal combustion engines of cars, are a homogeneous mixture of propane and butane. Let us list the properties of this fuel:

When refueling with liquefied fuel, the container is never filled to the top. 1/5 of the tank (20%) must remain empty - this volume is used to transfer the fuel into the gas phase. If the vessel is filled to capacity, the evaporation area and the amount of LPG ready for combustion will sharply decrease. A standard 50 liter cylinder can be filled with a maximum of 40 liters of propane.

Analogs

In terms of their effect on the body, barbiturates are analogues of benzodiazepines. They act similarly on the central nervous system and have the same effect on internal organs.

In terms of chemical composition, all drugs from the benzodiazepine group are analogues of Phenazepam, for example:

• Fezanef;
• Phenorelaxan;
• Elzepam;
• Gidazepam;
• Clobazam;
• Lorazepam.

Among drugs, opiates cause similar effects. They also inhibit processes in the central nervous system, but the mechanism for the development of these effects is different.

Incendiary grenade

The mixture of metal powder and oxidizer burns at a very high temperature, briefly engulfing everything in flames. Use incendiary grenades to overcome the defense

When the enemy comes close, the stun mine shoots electrodes in all directions, hitting the enemy with a powerful electrical charge, like a regular stun gun.

These mines, like other weapons of similar effect, are useless against. Unlike conventional proximity mines, stun mines are silent, non-lethal and can even be used in secret operations.

How to speed up elimination at home

Breeding at home can be hazardous to health. During the rapid release of the drug and its metabolites, rebound syndrome may occur. This means that all inhibitory effects that the drug had will be suppressed by antagonistic mediators. That is, if Phenazepam relaxes the muscles, then if it is abruptly discontinued, cramps may begin. The same applies to sleep and other functions that are affected by tranquilizers.

It is better to limit withdrawal at home to 3-4 procedures and carry it out only in case of an overdose caused by a desire to get drug intoxicated or during a suicide attempt. In other cases, if there are no symptoms of overdose, there is no need to accelerate the elimination of the drug.

Algorithm of actions:

• Rinse the stomach. You can do this by drinking plenty of water, up to two liters of water, and then mechanically induce vomiting (press the root of the tongue with two fingers). This procedure must be repeated 2-3 times. They are effective in the first hour and a half after taking the tablets.
• Take sorbents. It is recommended to take one tablet of activated carbon per 10 kilograms of body weight. You can do more, there will be no harm from the sorbents.
• Drink plenty of fluids to speed up kidney function. This technique is called forced diuresis. Due to heavy drinking, the fluid that is excreted by the kidneys will “pull back” some of the drug metabolites.

If after these procedures lethargy remains and the person is inhibited, you can brew him strong coffee. Caffeine stimulates the nervous system and “unblocks” some of the nerve synapses that inhibit the reaction.

It is better to speed up the elimination of the drug in a hospital setting. Then it is possible to monitor the patient’s general condition and carry out specific therapy with antidotes. In addition, in cases of life-threatening symptoms, emergency medical care can be provided.

Why is natural gas liquefied?

Blue fuel is extracted from the bowels of the earth in the form of a mixture of methane, ethane, propane, butane, helium, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide and other gases, as well as their various derivatives.

Some of them are used in the chemical industry, and some are burned in boilers or turbines to generate thermal and electrical energy. Plus, some of the extracted volume is used as gas engine fuel.

The main reason for liquefying natural gas is to simplify its transportation over long distances. If the consumer and the gas fuel production well are located on land not far from each other, then it is easier and more profitable to lay a pipe between them. But in some cases, building a highway is too expensive and problematic due to geographical nuances. Therefore, they resort to various technologies for producing LNG or LPG in liquid form.

Economics and safety of transportation

After the gas is liquefied, it is pumped into liquid form into special containers for transportation by sea, river, road and/or rail. At the same time, technologically, liquefaction is a fairly costly process from an energy point of view.

At different plants, this takes up to 25% of the original volume of fuel. That is, to generate the energy required by the technology, you have to burn up to 1 ton of LNG for every three tons of it in finished form. But natural gas is now in great demand, everything is paying off.

While natural gas is a liquid, it is non-flammable and non-explosive. Only after evaporation during regasification, the resulting gas mixture is suitable for combustion in boilers and cookers. Therefore, if LNG or LPG is used as hydrocarbon fuel, then they must be regasified.

Use in various fields

Most often, the terms “liquefied gas” and “gas liquefaction” are mentioned in the context of transportation of hydrocarbon energy carriers. That is, first, blue fuel is extracted, and then it is converted into LPG or LNG. The resulting liquid is then transported and then returned to a gaseous state for one use or another.

LPG from propane-butane is mainly used as:

LNG is typically produced exclusively for long-distance transportation. If a container capable of withstanding pressure of several atmospheres is sufficient for storing LPG, then special cryogenic tanks are required for liquefied methane.

LNG storage equipment is highly technological and takes up a lot of space. It is not profitable to use such fuel in passenger cars due to the high cost of cylinders. LNG-powered trucks in the form of single experimental models are already driving on the roads, but in the passenger car segment this “liquid” fuel is unlikely to find widespread use in the near future.

In addition to being used as an energy carrier, LPG and LNG are also used directly in liquid form in gas and petrochemical plants. They are used to make various plastics and other hydrocarbon-based materials.

Detoxification in hospital

In the hospital, first of all, gastric lavage is performed using a siphon. In this way, you can cleanse the entire stomach without artificially stimulating the vomiting center. After gastric lavage, sorbents (activated carbon, Smecta, white carbon) may be prescribed.

Instead of drinking plenty of fluids in the hospital, infusion therapy with 5% glucose and saline is carried out. This helps remove drug toxins from the liver and kidneys. This way, cleansing occurs faster and symptoms of poisoning or overdose disappear.

The next step is to prescribe specific antidotes to benzodiazepines. These are the following:

• Mesocarb;
• Flumazenil.

Both drugs must be calculated correctly. If the dosage is incorrect, it can only make things worse.

If possible, in a hospital or special rehabilitation clinics, the blood is purified using an “artificial kidney” device, and the patient is sent for hemodialysis. All methods are based on hardware blood purification; they are relevant for detoxification. Although there is evidence that in case of an overdose of Phenazepam, hemodialysis is ineffective.

It has been established that among all drugs from the benzoidazepine group, Phenazepam is one of the best anxiolytics.

Taken from the scientific article: “The effectiveness of phenazepam as part of complex therapy in patients with anxiety-depressive syndromes.” Authors: M.E. Statsenko, O.E. Sporova, O.A. Talker.

Fungal diseases

A common cause of dandruff is fungi. They are different and can cause not only dandruff, but also discomfort, such as itching of the scalp. For treatment, it is important to determine the type of fungal disease. This is possible only after a medical examination.

Common symptoms of fungal scalp diseases include:

• hair loss;
• deterioration of their quality;
• loss of healthy shine;
• severe peeling, as well as the appearance of islands of peeling;
• brittle hair at the roots.

Overdose

An overdose of Phenazepam most often occurs for three reasons: an overdose when increasing the dose on your own, when trying to get drug intoxicated, and when attempting suicide.

An overdose always occurs. This is due to the fact that with each subsequent dose of the drug, receptor insensitivity to its active substances occurs. This process is called the development of tolerance. That is, with each subsequent reception the severity of the effects is less, and they end faster.

If help is not provided in time, a person may die from respiratory failure or cardiac arrest.

How to recognize and what to do

In case of an overdose of any drug from the group of tranquilizers, the following symptoms will immediately appear:

• depression and confusion;
• decreased blood pressure;
• slowing and stopping of the heart;
• slowing and stopping breathing;
• nystagmus;
• convulsions or tremors of the limbs;
• decreased response to tendon reflexes.

With such symptoms, a coma develops, and the person dies without treatment. The main help is gastric lavage, taking sorbents and intravenous administration of a specific antidote: flumazenil.

If necessary, artificial respiration and chest compressions must be performed before the ambulance arrives. You need to press on the chest at intervals of 2 times in 1 second. You need to inhale air into the person’s mouth or nose every 30 presses.

Rehabilitation

Considering that physical dependence on Phenazepam practically does not develop, the main task of rehabilitation is the psychological restoration of the individual, programming a new style of behavior, the patient’s adaptation to society and working with codependent people.

In complex addiction therapy, the location where rehabilitation is carried out plays a role. As a rule, at home or with friends, any attempts to quit end with taking the same drugs or other drugs with a similar effect.

Antidepressive therapy is sometimes added to the rehabilitation complex. With the right dosage, this is a good technique that allows you to get rid of the consequences of depletion of your own mediators.

Coding

Coding doesn't work with dependencies. More than 1000 studies have shown that this method has no evidence base and its use is not rational. Therefore, we can conclude that specialists engage in coding solely for personal gain. The best method of treatment is the correct rehabilitation complex. Coding, hypnosis and similar methods do not work.

Why not at home or on an outpatient basis?

With abrupt withdrawal of Phenazepam, rebound syndrome occurs. This means that without the drug, all the processes that were inhibited by the drug will become 3-4 times more intense. This leads to convulsions and even loss of consciousness. Therefore, you need to quit gradually, under the control of tests and after consultation with a specialist.

In an outpatient setting, it is very difficult to monitor whether the patient is complying with the rehabilitation program. At home, there are no barriers or incentives that force you to stop using drugs. In addition, home conditions mean constant contact with possible active drug addicts. If communication is not stopped, the person will not leave on his own.

Another disadvantage of home rehabilitation is the presence of constant conflicts with family members. Conflict situations become reasons for relapse or even switching to harder drugs.

The only option for outpatient treatment is when a person has been using for 1-2 months and the dependence is mild.

Working with codependents and resocialization

Resocialization is a person’s path to a new social life. Without restoration of the social role, a breakdown may occur. Addicted addicts need constant communication, work for distraction and emotional return from friends, colleagues, and family members. This way a person will realize that he has something to live for and limit himself from drugs.

If this is not done, after a short period of time a breakdown may occur due to melancholy or depression. These are frequent cases, and they are dangerous because after the next breakdown it becomes increasingly difficult to achieve remission in addiction.

In order to minimize disruptions, they work with codependent people, that is, loved ones and family members. During such work, codependent people learn how to correctly shape their behavior and how to help the patient quit drug use forever.

Only close people have constant contact with the addict. They should play the role of psychologists with whom the patient can share his experiences without keeping anything to himself. This minimizes the risk of disruption and restores harmonious relationships between family members. Therefore, without working with codependents, rehabilitation is considered incomplete.

How to quit on your own

You really have to want it. If I quit, then immediately without such excuses: starting Monday, tomorrow, the last time, I’ll quit. In the case of drugs, the reservations do not apply. You need to be prepared for withdrawal, during which there will be a strong desire to use the drug, and without use, depression and even suicidal thoughts may appear.

It is necessary to limit contact with anyone who is an active drug addict, even if they are taking other substances or medications. Such people are a constant temptation to relapse. You cannot change one drug for another because you will end up dependent on two drugs.

It is necessary to monitor health indicators, liver and kidney function. Your attending physician will tell you about the regularity of liver tests and creatinine clearance. In any case, treating addiction on your own is difficult and dangerous. If possible, it is always better to consult with specialists in the field of addiction.

Technologies for obtaining LPG and LNG

The following technologies from different companies are used to liquefy natural gas:

All of them are based on compression and/or heat exchange processes. The liquefaction operation takes place at the plant in several stages, during which the gas is gradually compressed and cooled to the temperature of transition into the liquid phase.

Preparation of the gas mixture

Before you can liquefy raw natural gas, you must remove water, helium, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur compounds and other impurities from it. For this purpose, adsorption technology is usually used for deep purification of the gas mixture by passing it through molecular sieves.

It is precisely these temperature differences that explain the reason why the gas entering the plant is divided into fractions and only then liquefied. There is no single liquefaction technology for all types of gaseous hydrocarbon compounds. For each of them it is necessary to build and use its own production line.

Basic liquefaction process

The basis for converting gas into a liquid state is the refrigeration cycle, during which heat is transferred by one or another refrigerant from an environment with a low temperature to an environment with a higher one. This process is multi-stage and requires powerful compressors for expansion/compression of the coolant and heat exchangers.

The following are used as a refrigerant at different stages of liquefaction:

For example, for the primary cooling of natural gas at Novatek’s Yamal LNG, cool Arctic air is used, which allows the temperature of the feedstock to be lowered at minimal cost immediately to +10 °C. And in the hot summer months, it is instead provided for the use of sea water from the Arctic Ocean, which, regardless of the time of year, at a depth of constant 3–4 ° C.

At the same time, nitrogen, obtained directly on site from the air, is used as the final refrigerant in Yamal. As a result, the Arctic provides everything needed to produce LNG - from the initial natural gas to the working agents used in the liquefaction process.

Propane liquefies in a similar way to methane. Only it requires much lower cooling temperatures - minus 42 °C versus minus 163 °C. Therefore, liquefying gas for gas tanks costs several times less, but the resulting propane-butane LPG itself is less in demand on the market.

Transportation and storage

After natural gas in the form of LNG is liquefied at the plant, it is transported, and then again at the plant (regasification only) it is converted back into a gaseous state for further use.