A caliper, like other calipers (caliper gauge, caliper depth gauge), has a measuring rod (hence the name of this group) with a main scale and a vernier scale - an auxiliary scale for counting fractions of divisions. The accuracy of its measurement is tenths/hundredths (for different species) of a millimeter.
Using the example of the ShTs-I
:
- barbell;
- movable frame;
- rod scale;
- sponges for internal measurements;
- sponges for external measurements;
- depth gauge ruler;
- vernier;
- frame clamp screw.
Taking readings
Based on the method of taking readings, calipers are divided into:
- vernier,
- dial - equipped with a dial for convenience and speed of taking readings,
- digital - with digital display for error-free reading.
The order of caliper readings on the rod and vernier scales:
- count the number of whole millimeters, to do this, find on the rod scale the stroke closest to the left to the zero stroke of the vernier, and remember its numerical value;
- They count fractions of a millimeter; to do this, find the stroke on the vernier scale that is closest to the zero division and coincides with the stroke of the rod scale, and multiply its serial number by the value of the division (0.1 mm) of the vernier.
- calculate the full value of the caliper reading by adding up the number of whole millimeters and fractions of a millimeter.
Chisel rating
When making chisels, manufacturers pay attention not only to performance characteristics, but also to shape, size, and appearance.
Choosing a good tool from a wide range is quite difficult. Below is a rating of the best chisels (according to experts and buyers).
- FIT 46755. Tool steel hand chisel with a hex shank that is virtually impossible to bend.
Rubber handle reduces vibration. The buttplate is equipped with a mushroom guard to prevent shock to the hand.
- TOPEX 03A149 is used for making large recesses.
A strong grip and comfortable use are provided by four wavy ribs on the handle.
The hexagonal rod with stiffening ribs does not deform under loads.
- Stanley FatMax 25x305 mm is used for processing various metals; it fits securely in the hand and does not slip thanks to the shaped rubberized handle with an increased diameter.
The tool is equipped with a durable, bend-resistant hexagonal rod and a protective “fungus”.
The width of the working part is 25mm.
- SDS MAX MATRIX 70343 is a model for a rotary hammer with which you can lay communications.
The tool is resistant to deformation and corrosion, easy to use, and has a long service life.
- MATRIX. The oxidized chisel is protected from corrosion.
The model is made of carbon steel 50 CrMo, the tool is successfully used for cutting various materials.
Types of calipers
- ШЦ-I
is a caliper with a double-sided arrangement of jaws for measuring external and internal dimensions and with a ruler for measuring depths. - ШЦ-IC
- (caliper with arrow reading) for reading readings, instead of a vernier, it has a reading arrow head. In the recess of the rod there is a rack with which the head gear is engaged, so the readings of the caliper corresponding to the position of the jaws are read on the circular scale of the head according to the position of the arrow. This is much simpler, faster and less tiring for the performer than reading a reading on a vernier; - ШЦТ-I
- with one-sided arrangement of jaws equipped with a hard alloy for measuring external dimensions and depths under conditions of increased abrasive wear. - ШЦ-II
- with double-sided arrangement of jaws for measuring external and internal dimensions and for marking. To facilitate the latter, it is equipped with a micrometric feed frame. - ШЦ-III
- with one-sided placement of jaws for measuring external and internal dimensions. - ШЦЦ
- with digital display (electronic).
In conditions of active work with a caliper, it is recommended to wipe it with a cloth soaked in a water-alkaline solution, then wipe it dry, and upon completion of work, put it in a case. It is not advisable to allow rough impacts or drops of the instrument during operation to avoid bending of the rod, as well as scratches on the measuring surfaces or their friction against the part being measured.
The procedure for checking calipers is determined by GOST 8.113-85 [2].
The invention relates to the field of manufacturing welded calipers, mainly calipers of the ShTs-Sh-400 type. 1000-0.1 according to GOST 166-89 and can be used in tool factories producing calipers and similar tools. To increase durability by increasing resistance to electrochemical corrosion and reducing manufacturing defects by reducing cracking of welds, medium-carbon chromium steel of the martensitic class is used for the manufacture of jaws, low-carbon chromium-nickel austenitic steel is used for the manufacture of the rod and frame, and before welding, the surfaces of the jaws are normalized, intended for welding, by decarburization until they have a carbon content of 0.07. 0.15%. ate C
REPUBLIC(S)5 G 01 B 3/20
USSR DEPARTMENT (USSR STATE PATENT) uch / jf,,(1
FOR THE AUTHOR'S CERTIFICATE (21) 4925235/28 (22) 04.04.91 (46) 04.23.93. Bull. yt 15 (71) Donetsk Polytechnic Institute (72) V.I. Alimov, A.P. Shtykhno and V.G. Onoprienko (56) Technological process for manufacturing calipers type Sh Ts-Sh-400-1000-0.1 Stavropol instrumental plant, Stavropol, 1981, USSR Copyright Certificate
N 1700351, class. G 01 B 3/20, 1989. (54) METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING VERNIER CALIPS (57) The invention relates to the field of manufacturing welded calipers, mainly calipers of the type
The invention relates to the field of manufacturing a measuring instrument, mainly a welded caliper type ШЦ-Ш 400. 1000 - 0.1 according to GOST 16689, consisting of a rod welded with a fixed jaw and a frame welded with a movable jaw, wherein the jaws have measuring surfaces for external and internal measurements, and can be used in tool factories producing calipers and similar tools.
The purpose of the invention is to increase the durability of the caliper by increasing resistance to electrochemical corrosion and reducing manufacturing defects.. Ж 1810735 А1
Sh Ts-Sh-400. 1000 - 0.1 according to GOST 166 - 89 and can be used in tool factories producing calipers and similar tools. To increase durability by increasing resistance to electrochemical corrosion and reducing manufacturing defects by reducing cracking of welds, medium-carbon chromium steel of the martensitic class is used for the manufacture of jaws, low-carbon chromium-nickel austenitic steel is used for the manufacture of the rod and frame, and before welding, the surfaces of the jaws are normalized, intended for welding, by decarbonization until their carbon content is 0.07. 0.15%, ° May due to reduction of cracking of welded seams, b
What types are there: intrinsically safe with a wooden handle and others, photo
There are several types of blacksmith chisels:
- Non-sparking tools are designed for use in potentially explosive areas. The head of such chisels is made of bronze alloys, which ensures antimagnetic properties and a high level of corrosion resistance, and the handle is made of wood.
Blacksmith chisel. Photo ForgingPRO
- Chisels with a thin blade are designed for chopping hot metal, while those with a thicker blade are designed for separating cold workpieces.
- The shape of the working part can be straight or round.
Purpose and principle of operation
The purpose of a caliper is to take high-precision measurements inside and outside the objects being measured, as well as the depths of various holes.
The peculiarity of the tool is its versatility.
Shtangel - a common name for calipers among those who constantly use them, is a common abbreviation of the word.
This tool can measure the outer and inner diameters of round and cylindrical objects, such as nuts and bolts, and is suitable for internal groove measurements in all respects.
The principle of measuring with a caliper is to determine the size based on the position of the measuring frame, which moves freely along the rod with a printed scale.
The size value itself is determined by the coincidence method, and its accuracy, depending on the accuracy class itself, can reach hundredths of a millimeter.
Knife making options
Homemade knives can be made from a variety of metal parts, which cannot be used for their intended purpose, as they have become unusable.
Knife handle shapes.
Among the parts from which you can make homemade knives, there are several:
- worn motorcycle connecting rods, from which you can make a set of knives of various lengths;
- wheel wrenches with 1 broken end;
- crutches that are used when laying rails;
- circular saw blades of various diameters and thicknesses;
- Damaged pendulum saw blade.
Read also: Dimensions of ouzo and automatic machines
With certain forging skills, you can make a knife from a thick metal cable or a chain from a home appliance. A chainsaw is ideal for this. Its chain is quite strong, and the homemade knife will look like Damascus knives.
If the circular saw has a large disc diameter, and its damage is minimal, then it can make two homemade knives. The discs have significant metal-made strength, since the saw is used for various purposes for a long time.
Device, characteristics and properties
If you use your imagination, then externally the bar looks like a symbiosis of a hammer and a ruler.
The classic instrument consists of the following elements:
- Barbell with marked scale. The maximum measurement value depends on the length of the rod.
- The measuring frame is a movable part of the rod that can move along the rod. It has a vernier scale on it, allowing you to determine fractions of a millimeter. A spring with a fixing screw is installed inside the frame, pressing it against the rod, which reduces the measurement error, which can increase as a result of the skew of the moving part relative to the stationary one. Instead of a vernier, a dial scale or a small digital display may be installed, depending on the caliper model.
- Fixed jaw - structurally is part of the rod or is rigidly fixed to it, and is located on one side of the tool.
The working area is the inner edge of the stationary sponge; during measurements, it is tightly applied to the object being measured. - The movable jaw is structurally part of the frame or is rigidly fixed to it. The working part is also internal, and the part itself is located exactly opposite the fixed jaw in such a way that when the frame is moved, the edges of both jaws touch. In this position, the zero parameters of the rod and vernier scales must coincide.
- The retractable bar is a structural part of the measuring frame, its purpose is to measure the depth of objects.
The considered design, which has one-sided jaws, allows one to determine only the external dimensions of objects.
For internal measurements, you will need a caliper with double-sided jaws.
The second ones, as a rule, are smaller in size, located similarly to the first ones, but on the opposite side of the bar, and the working edges are the outer edges.
Material
Metal calipers are made mainly from carbon and stainless steel, low-alloy tool steels 9ХС, ХВГ.
Stainless steel tools are a classic, however, in the production of modern booms, composites are also used, for example, based on carbon fiber and polymer resins.
Dimensions
Typical sizes of classic calipers:
- Jaw length for external measurements: 35 – 300 mm.
- Jaw length for internal measurements: 6 – 22 mm.
- Measuring range – up to 2 m.
- Vernier length: 9 – 39 mm.
- Weight (depending on material and dimensions): 0.2 – 8.9 kg.
Models with a measuring range of up to 5000 mm can weigh more than 35 kg.
The following current GOSTs regulate both the verification and production of calipers:
- GOST 166-89 – defines technical conditions
- GOST 8.113-85 - determines the verification procedure
Accuracy
Vernier calipers are characterized by several accuracy classes:
- class - error is 0.05 mm (twentieth of a millimeter)
- class - error is 0.1 mm (tenth of a millimeter)
For high-precision measurements, a completely different instrument is used - a micrometer.
To clearly show what the accuracy class affects, it is enough to assume that it is necessary to determine the diameter of several drills without markings.
A second-class accuracy bar will allow you to find drills with a diameter of 6.7 or 6.8 mm, and a first-class one with a diameter of 6.75 mm.
For electronic instruments, the error may reach 0.01 mm.
Verification
While working with a caliper, there may be a violation of its settings, various deformations of individual elements, and simple wear.
All this affects the accuracy of the measurements, which, moreover, can be distorted by adhering dirt, grease, or metal filings covering the instrument with a magnetized layer.
Every owner of a boom needs to handle it with care and keep the tool clean.
In order to avoid various distortions in measurement results, the instrument is checked annually.
To do this, just contact a specialized service center for setup and repair.
Based on the verification results, a corresponding certificate is issued.
DIY rapid knife
High-speed steel of different grades for knives
The knife consists of two main parts - the blade and the handle. Both parts are important. This article is aimed at the cutting part of the knife. The steel grade plays a vital role in the technical characteristics of the final product. The process of making the blade is no less important.
Rarely do people talk about pre-selection of workpieces. According to knife craft professionals, the mandatory and initial stage is screening out defects. The test is carried out by simply throwing the blanks onto a wooden surface. This must be done several times; products that have succumbed to cracks are rejected.
Finding steel from a high-speed saw in Russia is quite easy. Discarded factory-made products, grandfather had a product from the USSR lying around in his garage, or purchase a new “quick cutter” on the market. Quite suitable options. High-speed steel grades have many suitable varieties for the manufacture of blades.
Steel P18 and knives made from it
Rapid steel P18 is rare. If you are lucky enough to find a saw or a plate, the “knife addicts” cry with envy. Steel with a strength of up to 1000 MPa retains its cutting properties when heated to 600 degrees Celsius. In production they are used for cutting tools: drills, thread cutters, taps, countersinks, reamers and cutters.
Can be forged and hardened. Making a knife from a P18 steel saw is not difficult. Cut out the template, make the slopes, the steering wheel and the handle. No hardening required, no vacation needed. Users have only positive feedback; they have been working with knives for 15-20 years.
A damn good material in terms of strength and durability. The difficulty in sharpening applies to any rapid steel. In this case it is no exception. Afraid of corrosion, requires maintenance.
High-speed steel knives P12
Direct substitute for P18 steel. Industrial application is in drills, taps, reamers and other options. The structure of P12 is close to its “brother” P18. Despite the close similarity, there is a slight difference in mechanical properties.
The heterogeneity of the carbide affects P12 in ductility and toughness. The cutting properties of a blade made of this material are definitely high. Sharpening is slightly easier. Brittleness is characteristic of rapid steels; you should not make a “machete” or an ax. The P18 analogue is perfect for kitchen work.
Steel is quite popular, it is not difficult to find. Used in cutting and sawing tools, copes well with shock loads. There are several varieties according to GOST. Basic rapid properties are present in all grades of R6M5.
Opinions differ on the use of blades made of this material. A dull blade is difficult to sharpen and will create a lot of difficulties during a hike. It is recommended not to take it for long events. Kitchen or cutting - its purpose. Definitely good at woodworking.
How to make a knife from rapid with your own hands
Steel grades: P10, P12, P14, P18 and the P6M5 family are excellent for creating cutting elements. The fragility of saw blades is somewhat exaggerated. You should not make blades that are too long and use them to dig into sewer manholes. There will be no problems with the knife in future use.
Rapid alloy is quite resistant to loads and is designed for long-term loads. Proper manufacturing of the blade guarantees all its available qualities. We will give brief instructions on how to make a blade with your own hands from common steel grade R6M5.
Required materials and tools
The alloy is quite resistant to mechanical stress. Difficulties during production will definitely arise; it is not appropriate for a Russian master to be afraid of them. Materials needed:
- wooden block and epoxy glue (for the handle);
- a piece of brass, bronze or copper;
- impregnating varnish, oil.
Hacksaw blade steel grade R6M5 - blank. Protective glasses and gloves; the work ahead will be dusty and labor-intensive. Toolkit of the following type:
- Grinder angle grinder, set of discs for various purposes;
- vice, hammer, jigsaw, files, pliers;
- sharpening machine, wheels for it with different grains;
- needle file, drill and set of drills;
- marker, sandpaper, clamp;
- container with water.
A horse-drawn handle is ideal. The choice to stop is on her.
Manufacturing of the main profile
You should not use a template; it is better to draw with a marker on the canvas itself. The specific qualities of the steel will allow you to make cuts in accordance with the image. And use pliers to break off pieces of steel along the cut. The drawing is carried out together with the shank.
Types of calipers and their prices
Calipers are divided into the following main types:
Analog
The counting is carried out according to the vernier. Another name is vernier. Cost – from 400 rubles.
Switch
Does not require calculations, easier to use, since the measurement results are displayed on the dial with a dial scale.
Cost – from 1700 rubles.
Digital
With a small display on which the measurement results are displayed digitally. Has the highest accuracy.
Another name is electronic. Cost - from 700 rubles for the simplest models.
In addition, booms are available with a depth gauge (type T-I and I) and without it (type II and III).
Precision calipers is a general name for models with increased measurement accuracy.
By the way, a monoblock instrument (fixed jaws are not fixed to the rod, but are an integral part of it) gives the most accurate readings.
There are tasks that a standard tool simply cannot handle.
Then the master picks up a special caliper.
Knife manufacturing options
A homemade knife can be made from a variety of metal parts that are no longer suitable for their intended use due to the fact that they have become unusable.
These may be the following items:
• worn motorcycle connecting rods are suitable for making a set of knives with different blade lengths; • wheel wrenches with one end broken off; • crutches used for laying rails; • circular saw blades with different thicknesses and diameters; • a hacksaw blade of a pendulum saw that is damaged.
If you have certain forging skills, you can make a knife from materials such as thick metal cable or a chain of household units. In this case, a chainsaw is an excellent option. Its chain has good strength and will make a knife similar to Damascus blades.
If the circular saw has a large disc diameter and minimal damage, then it may be enough for two homemade knives. The discs are made of very durable metal, since the saw was originally designed for long-term work with chains.
Special calipers
Vivid examples of specialized models:
Marking
With sharpened carbide jaws and a special compass mechanism.
In addition to taking measurements, it allows you to draw arcs directly with sponges on solid material.
Marking calipers are similar to options without a compass mechanism with jaws based on hard alloys.
Price – from 2.5 thousand rubles.
For brake discs (ШЦЦД)
Design with one-sided elongated jaws for external measurements, which have teeth on the working surface to increase the accuracy of measurements.
There are options that allow you to determine the thickness of brake discs on cars and motorcycles without the need to dismantle the wheel.
The cost of the simplest models is about 1 thousand rubles.
Traveler
To measure the parameters of the rail surface.
Price – from 20 thousand rubles.
Analogs of calipers include the following measuring instruments:
Vernier gauge
A tool designed to measure rack and pinion teeth with an accuracy of 0.02 mm.
Vernier depth gauge
A tool designed to measure depths and heights of blind holes, protrusions, grooves, and grooves.
Shtangenreysmas
A tool that allows you to measure heights without specialized skills and make vertical markings of parts with an accuracy of 0.05 mm.
Another name is height gauge.
Bench chisels
The blade and head of a bench chisel are hardened and tempered . The length is usually 10-20 cm, and the width of the blade is 5-5.2 mm. The sharpening angle of the blade depends on the metal for which this chisel will be used - the harder or more brittle the metal, the more obtuse the sharpening angle should be. Standard sharpening angles for cutting various metals are as follows:
- hard steel, bronze, cast iron – 70 degrees;
- medium hard steel – 60 degrees;
- copper, brass – 45 degrees;
- zinc, aluminum alloys – 35 degrees.
The tool is also widely used for more specialized tasks, such as cutting grooves and narrow grooves. This instrument is called a crossmeisel .
How to choose a good caliper?
The main advantages of the barbell are its measurement accuracy.
For this reason, a good tool, first of all, must be made of durable material, have easily visible markings and withstand active use.
Stainless steel calipers with engraved divisions are popular among experienced craftsmen because of their high corrosion resistance and durability.
Main principles of selection:
- Length – determines the measurement range. Selected depending on the task. For everyday use, a 125 mm tool will be sufficient, but for building a house, for example, you will need a 5-meter boom.
- Measurement step. Roughly speaking, the measurement result is more accurate for models with the smallest distance between adjacent scale divisions.
- Cost – there is no need to buy an expensive model for infrequent household use, however, a good boom bar cannot be cheap. For craftsmen whose main measuring instrument is a caliper, it is better to look towards proven Japanese, German and Swiss models. A high-quality caliper, especially an electronic one, is a fairly expensive tool that is bought once, one might say, for life. This is what we should build on.
Before purchasing a caliper, you should make sure that there are no backlashes between its moving and stationary parts, as well as that the zero marks of the two scales coincide when the jaws are closed.
Materials and tools used
Before you make a knife, you will need to create a project. The basis of the cutting object is the blade. It can be made using several methods and choose different shapes. Therefore, when working on the handle, it is necessary to think about the appearance of the blade. The best solution would be to create a drawing that takes into account the features of the future tool.
The easiest way to make a knife with your own hands is to make all-steel and all-iron tools. The welded blade can be steel or iron. Do-it-yourself knives at home are most often made from old files, shock-absorbing springs, and steel strips. This is the easiest way to make knives with your own hands, which requires only mechanical processing.
Homemade holders are made from:
- plastic;
- wood;
- birch bark;
- skin;
- various artificial materials.
The handle should not only be beautiful, but also comfortable to use. The type of knife determines the condition of its use. Therefore, raw materials must be selected that will allow the product to withstand loads during operation.
For making a blade by hand, damask steel and damask are considered the best options. However, these materials are expensive and require professional blacksmithing skills.
To make a knife yourself, you will need a basic set of tools, which are not always available at home.
To perform the hand forging method you need:
- coal;
- bake;
- forging hammers (large, small);
- blacksmith's tongs;
- pliers;
- file;
- sandpaper;
- adjustable wrench;
- grinding machine;
- grinder drill;
- anvil.
Plastic
Birch bark
Tree
Leather
What you need to know about calipers?
The caliper needs careful, careful handling, as the following factors can reduce its accuracy and distort the measurement results:
- Damage to work surfaces. Even the presence of small nicks or scratches can be decisive.
- Lack of strict parallelism between the jaws, or their wear.
- Accumulated dust or dirt between the moving parts of the caliper.
- Zero readings are not set correctly.
The instrument is stored in a case, which must be included in the kit.
